Essay --

Sumedha Kucherlapati -MS in instruction Management Systems-2014 ____________________________________________________________________________________ My earliest memories as a child were playing SUDOKU with my sister and good enjoying it. As I grew up my love for logical games grew with me. When I started working at Deloitte, I was always applauded for my analytical and problem solving skills. Further overdue to the professional exposure at Deloitte as Business Technology Analyst, I got acquainted to business to technology transition of real life challenges and requirements. This fascination has increasingly transformed into my career goal to be the best blend of technical and functional consultant and I believe that doing a Masters in Information Systems management will help me step closer to my goal. I have always excelled in education and did my entire high school on scholarship. My undergraduate studies in Electronics and Telematics from GNITS, one of the top three private col leges in the state has given me a very substantial knowledge of the basic areas of Computer Science. Courses desire Cryptographic algorithms, Network analysis, Wireless Communication Network and Computer Networks helped me learn about Information security, Computer Architecture and gave me an insight into hardware of electronic devices. To balance my theoretical knowledge, I presented a paper on Use of Compact Fin-field-effect transistor memory circuits to increase read, write capability. This article focused on the results of an independent-gate Fin FET SRAM cell simultaneously enhancing the read data stability and memory integration density. The paper fetched us first prize at a National aim technical fest. I also headed the IEEE, ISTE s... ...lp 275 Special and differently abled children on the National Impact Day conducted by Deloitte which is the biggest Annual event of the firm. Working at Deloitte has helped me under provide that to stand out as a leading consultant it i s very important to have business insight along with technical expertise and MISM course structure at your esteemed university would equip me with perfect blend of the same. My experiences assured me that I am on the right path towards my goal and would like to continue engage my skills in this direction. I strongly feel that courses like IT Project Management and Consulting Communications in your curriculum would further boost my skill set. I would be honored to be under the unmatched guidance of the eminent professors at Heinz college and am looking forward with great hope to get an opportunity to plug in your university.

Comparing Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt Essay -- Compare Contr

Comparing Woodrow Wilson and Theodore RooseveltDuring the 20th century many different presidents went in and out of the doors of the White kinsfolk serving the country the best they could. However, cardinal of these men hold a place in American history as perhaps the greatest leaders that had ever served our country. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson are two extraordinary men that symbolize the hope and aspirations of the American people during such a tumultuous metre in fall in States history. Both of these men held leadership qualities like no different, had strong views for America, and held exceptional ideas on foreign policy. Theodore Roosevelt stepped into head of office on September 19, 1901 when President William McKinley was assassinated. He was the youngest man to become president. His motto was speak softly but carry a big stick. President Roosevelt would come into power offering America the uncoiled deal. He would take the power away from the industrialist s as he controlled big business from the White House. He would soon become known as a TrustBuster. Roosevelt used American power for American interests and was quoted as saying, I am an American first and last. Although some historians argue that Roosevelt acted like a six-year-old throughout his government and that he didnt think things through, ie he thought with his hips, one can admire the tremendous leadership qualities that Teddy Roosevelt had. First, he was a in truth bold man who graduated magna cum laude from Harvard. The average citizen was aware of what a positive, warm and tough, authoritative and funny president that they had leading them. His leadership qualities stemmed from his time as a New York state Assembly man, a deputy sheriff, a ... ...ir racial characteristics. He also knew the value of the ethnic vote. Wilson on the other hand was a racist who brought his Virginia attitude with him to the White House. Perhaps the most ironic thing about these two men is the fact that Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel tranquillity Prize in 1904 for helping resolve the Russian-Japanese fighting, and TR never was in office during the Great Wars while Wilson was. However, we did end up getting the United Nations from Woodrow Wilsons presidency. In conclusion, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were very different people who held different beliefs on America, but nonetheless, these two men gave their all in making America a better place. Without these two leaders, America could have been a very different place today. Who knows, I might have been writing this paper in German had it not been for them.

The Tenth Man Essay -- essays research papers

THE TENTH MAN BY GRAHAM GREENEThe Tenth Man by whole meal flour GreeneThe book The Tenth Man by Graham Greene takes place in France in the 1940s during the German occupation of France during the second world war. It starts of in a German prison with the narrator talking close to the prisoners singling out two specific characters, the Mayor of Bourge and Pierre an engine driver. Through a situation concerning these two we are introduced to the main character, Jean-Louis Chavel who changes his last name to Charlot. The narrator goes on to describe who the prisoner can here executions ever night. One night a German was killed so for punishment three prisoners were to be killed from distributively shed. To be fair the cell where the legend starts the men drew marked paper from a shoe. Chavel drew the last marked slip which condemned him to death and went into histeria. In his histeria he offered to give every thing he owned to someone if they died for him. A man named Janvier, thin king of his child and mother, spoke up and took his offer. After the concord Janvier drew up a will leaving everything he now owned to his sister and mother. The next morning he was executed. Thestory then shifts to months later in Paris where Chavel, who name has been changed to Charlot, is looking for a job since he gave every thing he had away. Charlot then returned to his old home where he meets Janvierss sister and mother. Be spring Janviers sister, Therese, did not now who he relay was, she gave him a job because he knew her brother. epoch working at the house Charlot had several run-ins with many childhood and full-grown friends but managed to fool them in some way or a another. Later, a beggar comes along and acts as if he is the real Chavel to escape persecution for universe a collaborator with the Germans during the occupation. vividly he explains the whole story pretty well and convinces Therese that he is the real Chavel.Charlot allows him to stay the night and fin ds out he knew the story and what he wanted. As a plan to yield all the land and money that Therese got from her brother, the impostor Chavel convinces Therese that Charlot made him look bad and her brother proposed the deal to him.While proving that the impostor was infact an impostor Charlot w... ...was Charlot. He did so so that Therese would not find out that he was responsible for her brother demise. In the end it back fired and caused more problems then it solved. Many people do not tell important information of themselves to other people so it does not cause friction amongst them or others. One main example of this is when applying for a job you are asked if you were ever arrested. Many people lie and say no so they get the job but lying causes them to not get the job because the employer will find out one way or another.One moral that was not given right out in the open but could be received indirectlywas about war. I think the author was for war if the cause was a fair one as was World War 2. This is still an area of controversy today. In all the wars we have fought since WW2 wehave questioned if it was really necessary. I believe that you should not be forced to fight in any war that you do not believe that we should be fighting in as a nationThe book portrayed many morals that society of today needs to learn. If society learns these morals this place will be a very better place to live of everyone and everything.

Dance :: essays research papers

George Balanchine was born in St. Petersburg on Jan 22, 1904, into a very musical family and began studying the piano at age 5. He had a classical education in acting and dance training, beginning at age 9, from the Imperial Theater School in St. Petersburg. It was originally thought that offspring Georgi would become one of the Tsars cadets, so it was with the thought that if things didnt work out at the ballet school he could always join the army. In fact, in his runner year he was not at all thrilled by what he was learning. He only got to perform once in the Maryinsky Theater in such spectacles as The Sleeping Beauty that Balanchine became enamored of the theater.Balanchine was raised on the dance traditions of the classical Russian ballet established by Petipa. In spite of having all the best teachers and dancers in the world at the time Balanchine states that "Contrary to popular belief, ballet was not taken very seriously by the Russian public. It was an entertainment a lmost exclusively for the aristocracy, among whom there were perhaps only a few gentlemen who were not primarily interested in what the ballerinas were doing after the deed" (balletmet.com). This changed with the revolution. Ballet was banned for a period until the Minister of Education, Lunacharsky, a balletomane, persuaded the authorities to gradually reinstate ballet.Sometime between 1919 and 1921, while continuing to dance, Balanchine conjugated the Petrograd hothouse of Music. There he studied piano and music theory, including composition, harmony, and counterpoint, for three years, and he began to compose music. He became a skilled conductor and pianist and often play for graduating student performances at the Imperial Russian Ballet School.He graduated from the Imperial Theater School with honors in 1921 at age 17 and joined the corps de ballet of the Maryinsky, by then renamed the State Theater of Opera and Ballet, and now the Kirov Ballet. Balanchine began to choreogr aph while still in his teens, creating his first work slightly 1920 or possibly earlier. It was called La Nuit, for himself and a female student, to the music of Anton Rubinstein. Another of his early duets, Enigma, danced in bare feet, was performed once at a benefit on the stage of the State Theater, as well as for some years thereafter, in both Petrograd and in the West. In 1923 he was able to form a small troupe, the Young Ballet, for which he composed several works in an experimental vein, but the authorities disapproved, and the performers were threatened with dismissal if they continued to participate.

magellan :: essays research papers

In 1517 Ferdinand Magellan proposed to King Charles I of Spain for a fully funded expedition to m ingestrialise a western sea route to the Molaccan Islands. If Magellan could find an easy way finished or around South America it would enable the Spanish to fructify up a profitable trade route with the Molaccans, known for its abundance of spices.On May 22,1518 King Charles I granted Magellan enough money to obtain five ships. Over 250 men were divided up amongst the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Conception, the Victoria, and the Santiago. The ships set sail on their journey on September 20, 1519 from a port in Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain. The ships sailed reciprocal ohm along the coast of Africa until they reached the equator. They then turned to head across the Atlantic Ocean toward northern Brazil. They reached South America at a city in Brazil called Recife. The fleet continued down the coast in search of a passageway through South America. Trades were made in Rio de Janeir o with Native Americans in December. Port San Julian in Argentina gave the crew winter shelter for five months. Shortly after resuming voyage, one of the ships was driven to shore and lost exploring an inlet. more thanover south of the 50th parallel, near Rio Santa Cruz, Magellan sent two of his four stay ships to explore a large inlet. The ships returned two days later responding that they had been to three bays through narrow passages. Against advice, Magellan set out to sail through the strait. One of the ships gave up and set out to return to Spain.On November 28, 1520 Magellans fleet of the three remaining ships exited the strait into another ocean. The strait Magellan and his crew used is now called The Strait of Magellan. The new ocean was named the Pacific Ocean because it was very calm. This ocean had much more favorable weather than the last but was much larger than expected. The crew ran out of food shortly. Soon they ate the leather rope guards. Desperate to survive, t he sailors ate sawdust and rats for 98 days. Many died of scurvy and malnutrition. Finally a small island in the west pacific was sighted. The ships stopped for food and to regain health.Magellan then sailed to Mindanao in the Philippines and on to Cebu Island. Although Spain did not immediately recognize the importance of the Philippines, they had become the greatest Spanish trading center in the East.

magellan :: essays research papers

In 1517 Ferdinand Magellan proposed to King Charles I of Spain for a fully funded expedition to find a Hesperian sea route to the Molaccan Islands. If Magellan could find an easy way through or around South America it would enable the Spanish to coterie up a profitable trade route with the Molaccans, known for its abundance of spices.On May 22,1518 King Charles I granted Magellan enough money to buy five ships. oer 250 men were divided up amongst the Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Conception, the Victoria, and the Santiago. The ships set sail on their journey on September 20, 1519 from a port in Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain. The ships sailed south along the edge of Africa until they reached the equator. They then turned to head across the Atlantic Ocean toward northern Brazil. They reached South America at a city in Brazil called Recife. The go along continued down the coast in search of a passageway through South America. Trades were made in Rio de Janeiro with Native Americans in December. Port San Julian in Argentina gave the crew winter shelter for five months. Shortly after resuming voyage, one of the ships was driven to shore and lost exploring an inlet. Just south of the fiftieth parallel, near Rio Santa Cruz, Magellan sent two of his four remaining ships to explore a large inlet. The ships returned two days later responding that they had been to three bays through narrow passages. Against advice, Magellan set out to sail through the strait. One of the ships gave up and set out to return to Spain.On November 28, 1520 Magellans fleet of the three remaining ships exited the strait into other ocean. The strait Magellan and his crew used is now called The Strait of Magellan. The new ocean was named the Pacific Ocean because it was very calm. This ocean had much more favorable brook than the last but was much larger than expected. The crew ran out of food shortly. Soon they ate the leather rope guards. Desperate to survive, the sailors ate sawdust and rats for 98 days. some died of scurvy and malnutrition. Finally a small island in the west pacific was sighted. The ships stopped for food and to regain health.Magellan then sailed to Mindanao in the Philippines and on to Cebu Island. Although Spain did not today recognize the importance of the Philippines, they had become the greatest Spanish trading center in the East.

Happy Violence

Violent things that dont reflect on the harm or consequences it bear as we see on TV or in movies are called happy effect. It is violence that can be funny or hurt a comical twist. It needs to be measured together with the intensification of the violence presented. There are numerous examples of these in the pop culture is grappling. How? The anecdote of wrestling is like cartoon violence in Tom and Jerry or Bugs Bunny. In wrestling, the result of happy violence becomes primary because of the talent of the actors in creating the conjury that it is real.The skill of wrestlers in drawing off the illusion of reality gives reliability to the idea that there are no real consequences to violence. The reality of violence vanishes in wrestling because it looks as if it is real. The reality is that everyone who watches wrestling knows that it is staged and fake and consequently isnt enough to concession its real effects. Wrestling can influence thus far kids who know that its fake. It gets more red-faced and intense even as the real consequences persist to be pressed out of view.Most kids dont only enjoy watching wrestling, they imitate what the wrestlers do and it could definitely cause them to injure themselves or their playmate. They might think its fun and entertaining until they feel and project what it could do to them. With about of the children and adolescents watching professional wrestling, it is vital to be aware of how children really recognize professional wrestling and if it encourage violent conduct. Television violence is perceived by m some(prenominal) children as an acceptable means of resolving conflict that influences them to behave aggressively (Krieg, 1995).Thoughts of recognizing aggression and violence can add to the gap of aggression and violence being carried out in particular by the young viewers. It would make kids become violent with their playmates even to their coners and parents. They would display negative behavior because of the violent things they see on TV. Adults always say fighting or any traffic pattern of violence is bad. But why are there so many violent movies submitn in TV? Even a cartoon show that should be meaningful and educational to child is filled with violence. Shows like these overturn what we teach our children or what we are taught by our parents.It inculcates that violence is a normal reaction or is tolerated because it is fun. It doesnt make volume realize the pain the other someone is experiencing. With the influence of media on us, violence has become a normal thing we see and do. whatsoever may think that its funny and at times, entertaining. Some view it as disturbing and a form of nonsense. Violence is seen in various forms and context. It sinks to our minds most especially to the kids. Violence illustrated by media produce an edifying environs in which that kind of behavior is acknowledged as normal or a kind of an appropriate reaction to such problems or situations.T he intimidation, degradation and oral hostility that is implemented in wresting is the manner that real men can succeed. Maturity and masculinity is associated with the capability to get even, protect ones reputation, and suck in respect and fulfillment by defeating your opponent. Regardless of the alarming allegation, and purpose, it diverts people from focusing on the violence in society and limits argument of television violence to its most naive element. Violence on TV is considered as an important part of the global marketing system. It overlooks an escalating allocation of the TV screens all over the world.Violence is non always alike. They are different in every expression and denomination. Its individual expertise is carefully utilize to balance catastrophic outlay from fatal impulse. gifted Violence, as we see in Cusacs essay can be characterized by torture, crime and violence, reality, and the safety and protection of the people. All these points are seen in the seri es. distorted shape being connected with crime and accounts of terrorism is said to be adjoined to spill out the truth even if time has almost run out. With the account of terrorism and crime, the lives of the people are always at risk.The safety and security of the people are being diminished because of the increasing crime rates and most especially with terrorism. All these things can be seen not just in front of the camera, but mostly, in reality. All these things are connected in one way. How people and life are characterized in this environment develop a sense of opportunity and chances. It supplies our commencement of who we are and how we communicate to others and to the world. It helps to identify our strengths and weaknesses, and the risks we can take in such situations. Terrorism is something that can happen to anyone, anywhere.No one knows when and where terrorism will occur. No one even knows who will be the next victim. In this series, it tells us that terrorism happe ns in real life, its a real situation where real people are victimized. It might not be but like to what we see on movies and charges, it could be worse than that and more lives are hanging on the thread. Cusac pointed out that terrorism and torture are always connected and cant be separated. The show 24 somehow shouldnt be classified as a form of happy violence because of the knockout brutality it depicts.The violence presented is not entertaining than with shows considered to have happy violence. The show conflicts with reality with regards to the seemingly unending problems and crime that is happening in the film but not in reality. Its like one problem pops every passing minute. And its not just simple everyday problem. Its a very serious problem that doesnt require one to make any mistake or a life or two will be lost. Torture can only be effective if you have the right person and supply the right information. But its not that easy. You dont know who is innocent and whos no t.Some consider that those who torture do so to simply dig out information form the detained enemy. But to other people, torture is used to mortify, humiliate, and destroy an individual. It is a mean used by those with authority to sustain their control and side. The use of torture is used to harm, and obliterate the tortured individuals sense of self. Such practices demoralize an individuals will to resist. Torture is used to guarantee the safety and security of the people by easing the significant information and to fight the forces that are against one country.Torture is required to be used on life-saving situations. It is used as a tool to interrogated people to provide vital information that can be used to protect the lives of the people. Torture should only be used when necessary. The show 24 makes people more aware of the things that are happening in the world. Its a real time situation and real people are accountable to such things. Its not just about terrorism. Its about t he demoralizing acts that the people who are with power are demonstrating to sustain their position and authority over things, people and situation.Its about giving your best to save a life or to help even to the simplest of things. The outline of subjection on TV and reality with fear are somehow related. Spectators who see their own people or race on that fictional situation develops a sense of anxiety, mistrust and estrangement. This imbalanced sense of jeopardy, helplessness and uneasiness with inconsiderateness tempt hostility, mistreatment and suppression. The protuberance of authority is a function of all mores and conventional plenty media. Television modernizes, cleanses, and puts its dramatic sense and releases it to the worlds cultural environment.The lack of restrictions from violent and other unbalanced and threatening formulas, censorship is not the effective and suitable method to amplify multiplicity and decrease TV violence. People should contribute in generating a resolution on how to facilitate in shaping the lives of the children in contemplation to TV violence. Torture will never be normal and justifiable. Its not a kind of thing you can do to any one. By having an authority over someone doesnt mean you can do things to that person just to get what you want or need because it makes you zipper less than them.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Essay

Known as Netaji (leader), Mr. Bose was a fierce and popular leader in the political scene in pre-independence India . He was the chairperson of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939, and founded a nationalist force cal conduct the Indian National Army. He was acclaimed as a semigod, akin to the m either fabulous heroes like Rama or Krishna, and continues as a apologue in Indian mind. Subhas Chandra was born on January 23rd 1897 in Cuttack (in present day Orissa) as the one-ninth child among fourteen, of Janakinath Bose, an advocate, and Prabhavatidevi, a pious and God-fearing lady.A brilliant student, he topped the matriculation examination of Calcutta province and passed his B. A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was warmly influenced by Swami Vivekanandas teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. His parents wishes kept him away from the Indian liberty struggle and led him into studies for the Indian Civil Service in England. Although he finished those examinations also at the top of his class (4th), he could not complete his aprecentship and returned to India, being late disturbed by the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre.He came under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress (a. k. a. Congress). Gandhiji directed him to work with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, the Bengali leader whom Bose acknowledged as his political guru. Bose was outspoken in his anti-British stance and was jailed 11 (eleven) times between 1920 and 1941 for periods varying between sise months and three years. He was the leader of the young person wing of the Congress Party, in the forefront of the trade union movement in India and organized Service League, another wing of Congress.He was admired for his smashing skills in organization development . The Influence of Bose Bose advocated complete bountifuldom for India at the earliest, whereas the Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through a Dominion sta tus. other younger leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru supported Bose and finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress had to adopt Poorna Swaraj (complete freedom) as its motto. Bhagat Singhs martyrdom and the inability of the Congress leaders to save his life infuriated Bose and he started a movement opposing the Gandhi-Irvin Peace Pact.He was imprisoned and expelled from India. But defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again Clouds of World War II were gathering fast and Bose warned the Indian people and the British against dragging India into the war and the material losses she could incur. He was elected hot seat of the Indian National Congress twice in 1937 and in 1939, the second time defeating Gandhijis nominee. He brought a resolution to give the British six months to hand India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt.There was much opposition to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and for med a progressive group known as the Forward Block (1939). The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven-spot major states and all state governments resigned in protest. Subhas Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war.To him, it made no sense to go on bleed poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the 11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British were afraid of violent reactions in India, should something happen to Bose in prison. The Mystery Begins Bose suddenly disappeared in the beginning of 1941 and it was not until many days that authorities realized Bose was not inside the house they were guardingHe traveled by foot, car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves among the British and electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were challenging the British in many ways. The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Bose military and other help to fight the British. Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia.Bose had struck alliance with Germany and Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the East would help his countrymen in freedom struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Keil canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most savage journey was undertaken by him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea.At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dinghy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name Azad Hind Government was declared on the 21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British, and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning.Leader of Masses and the MilitaryBose in INA equivalent 1943 Early Success and Tragic End Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Jap anese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed only by Indians. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their free motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept.They were now inside of India and were determined to drive out the British Delhi Chalo (Lets march to Delhi) was the war cry. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender. Bose was in Singapore at that time and decided to go to Tokyo for his next course of action. Unfortunately, the sheet of paper he boarded crashed near Taipei and he died in the hospital of severe burns. He was just 48. The Indian people were so much enamored of Boses oratory and leadership qualities, fealressness and mysterious adventures, that he ha d become a legend.They refused to believe that he died in the plane crash. The famous Red Fort trial wherein Boses generals and the INA officers were tried, became landmark events. Initially, the British Government thought of a court-martial, but there was a countrywide protest against any kind of punishment. For common Indians, Axis and allied powers hardly mattered, but they could not tolerate punishment of fellow countrymen who were fighting for freedom. The British Government was in no position to face open disorder or mutiny and a general amnesty for INA soldiers was declared.While Boses approach to Indian freedom continues to generate heated debate in the Indian society today, there is no denying of his burning patriotism, his tireless efforts to free India from inside and outside and his reckless adventures in trying to reach his goals. His exploits later became a legend due to the many stories carried by the disbanded INA soldiers who came from every nook and corner of our great country. Had he lived, Subhas Chandra Bose could have given a new turn to Independent Indias political history. But he lives on eternally in the Indian mind, more famous after his death.

Courtroom Work Groups

Courtroom Work Groups Jaraka Ward University of Phoenix 10/21/2012 I found several responses to the question of who is included in the courtroom add group. I believe that the criminal prosecutor, defense attorney, and a judicial officer make up the most common courtroom work group. The daily interaction of this group is to make for sure that rules are being followed in apiece individual group but also to make sure it is given in a timely manner. The courtroom work group needs to communicate in order to offer plea bargains and choose jurors.The agency of the prosecutor is to protect the government or communitys best interests. This being said the prosecutor must take cases based on the facts of each case and the evidence provided. If the prosecutor did not do this and took every case under less stringent requirements it could leave many cases going to trial with a overlook of evidence and lead to a waste of court room time and money for attempting a trial with no evidence to c onvince a jury. This could also lead to innocent people being convicted on no evidence simply because of a well-spoken lawyer.This being said, if the prosecutors were more stringent virtually the cases they took and the minimum amount of evidence was greater it may lead to criminals getting away with more crimes and never being brought to trial because of a lack of concrete evidence. The only way I see that the courtroom work group could be improved would be if all parties focused more on the umpire and rules side rather than always focusing on the speedy aspect of getting things done.There will always be the criminals let go because of a lack of evidence to convince a jury as well as innocent people who will be convicted without proper concrete evidence, this is why I am a strong believer in the appeal schema. I do however feel that these numbers could be reduced if we could slow the system down while still maintaining due process and a speedy trial. References Criminal Justice Today An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, Eleventh Edition, by Frank Schmalleger (2012, 08). Courtroom Workgroups. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 08, 2012, from http//www. studymode. com/essays/Courtroom-Workgroups-1070144. html

Natural Monopoly

Natural Monopoly Telecommunications Law and Regulation Week 2 I believe that times change and as they, change rules and regulations must adapt to the times. Therefore, the treatment of the different industries must represent the different industries as they grow. I do non think the Telephone and Broadcast should never have or ever be considered a Natural Monopoly. The concept of innate(p) monopoly presents a contend public policy dilemma. On the one hand, a indispensable monopoly implies that efficiency in production would be better served if a mavin satisfying supplies the full market.On the other hand, in the absence of any competition the monopoly holder will be tempted to exploit his cancel monopoly power in order to maximize its profits. A natural monopoly is defined in economics as an industry where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so high that it is non profitable for a hour firm to enter and compete. There is a natural reason for this industry being a monop oly, namely that the economies of scale require one, rather than several, firms. Small-scale self-command would be less efficient.Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as piddle, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very costly to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Water and gas delivery service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. electrical energy is now being deregulated, so the generators of electric power can now compete. But the infrastructure, the wires that carry the electricity, usually remain a natural monopoly, and the various companies saddle their electricity through the same grid. cable system as a Natural MonopolyNearly every community in the United States allows only a single tune company to operate within its borders. Since the Boulder decision 4 in which the U. S. Supreme Court held that municipalities might be subject to antitrust liability for anticompetitive acts, most cable franchises have been nominally none xclusive but in fact do operate to preclude all competitors. The legal rationale for municipal regulation is that cable uses city-owned streets and rights-of-way the economic rationale is the assumption that cable is a natural monopoly. The theory of natural monopoly holds that because of structural conditions that exist in certain industries, competition between firms cannot continue and whenever these conditions exist, it is inevitable that only one firm will survive. Thus, regulation is necessary to dilute the ill-effects of the monopoly. 5 Those who assert that cable television is a natural monopoly focus on its economies of scale that is, its biggish fixed costs whose duplication by multiple companies would be inefficient and wasteful. Thus, competitive door into the market should be proscribed because it is forswear to be destructive.The Competitive Reality 1. A skeptic hearing exhortations that cable television is a natural monopoly that should be locally regulated could have nigh questions at this point. First, if cable is a natural monopoly, why do we need to guarantee it with a franchise? Economists Bruce Owen and Peter Greenhalgh argue persuasively that given economies of scale, if a cable company is responsive and efficient in its pricing and service quality then there will be little incentive for competitors to enter, and no need for an exclusionary franchise policy. 9 Thus, if entry restrictions are necessary to arrest competition, the industry by definition is not a natural monopoly. 2. Second, if cable is a natural monopoly, is it necessarily a local monopoly? Some observers use the terms interchangeably, but there is no evidence that economic laws respect municipal boundaries. Given large fixed costs, does it make sense to award a local franchise to one company when another already has facilities in an adjacent community? withal such wasteful duplication, as the natural monopoly proponents would call it, occurs frequently under the franc hise system.Local franchises make no sense in a true natural monopoly setting. 3. These questions, however, go to the heart of natural monopoly theory itself, a doctrine that is under increasing attack. 10 In the face of crumbling conventional wisdom in this area, the burden should be on the natural monopoly proponents to demonstrate that competition is not possible, and further, that regulation is necessary. Such a demonstration will prove impossible in the cable context. Cable is both extremely competitive, facing both direct and indirect market challenges, and, in any event, is better left unregulated.For many decades, economic textbooks have held up the telecommunications industry as the ideal model of natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is said to exist when a single firm is able to control most, if not all, output and prices in a given market due to the enormous entry barriers and economies of scale associated with the industry. More specifically, a market is said to be of c ourse monopolistic when one firm can serve consumers at lower costs than two or more firms (Spulber 1995 31).For example, telephone service traditionally has postulate laying an extensive cable network, constructing numerous calls switching stations, and creating a variety of support services, before service could actually be initiated. Obviously, with such high entry costs, new firms can find it difficult to gain a toehold in the industry. Those problems are compounded by the fact that once a single firm overcomes the initial costs, their average cost of doing business drops rapidly relative to newcomers. The telephone monopoly, however, has been anything but natural.Overlooked in the textbooks is the extent to which federal and state governmental actions throughout this carbon helped build the AT&T or Bell system monopoly. As Robert Crandall (1991 41) noted, Despite the popular belief that the telephone network is a natural monopoly, the AT&T monopoly survived until the 19 80s not because of its naturalness but because of overt government policy. I hope that the above facts help support my beliefs that these industries should not be considered Natural Monopolies.These companies just executed and had better site than other in the same industry had. Today ATT is just as strong as it ever was. References Benjamin, S. M. , Lichtman, D. G. , Shelanski, H. , & Weiser , P. (2006). FOUNDATIONS. In Telecommunications Law and Policy . (2nd ed. ). (pp. 437 469). Durham, NC Carolina Academic Press. Foldvary, F. E. (1999). Natural Monopolies . The Progress Report. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http//www. progress. org/fold74. htm Thierer , A. D. (1994). UNNATURAL MONOPOLY CRITICAL MOMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELL SYSTEM MONOPOLY . 14(2).

Is War Inevitable?

1 Is War Inevitable? The modern benignant mind has sought to present findings and evidence that would lead to some form of an indication or conclusion regarding the inevitability of state of war through the multifarious surface argonas of science and technology anthropology political science economics psychology (both humanist and evolutionary) and cultural studies.The oecumenic perception for most people gauged through academic surveys and Social Networking websites is that the innate biological tuning, socio-cultural infrastructure, geo-political systems, economic scarcity, and the massive amounts of arsenal possessed by mankind lead never allow humans to transcend the atrocities of brutality, violence and aggressive bloodshed. Unfortunately, those general perceptions be not unsubstantiated latest scientific research in the field of genealogy has blamed the Y-Chromosome for mans propensity to net income war.Further anthropological studies have reiterated and reinforced th e fear that clearly lays down the innateness of a leanency towards war, which, subsequently, implies that war is inevitable. However, that is not the complete picture. Statistically, it is more common for humans to be cooperative and to attempt to get along than it is for them to be uncooperative and aggressive towards one an radical(prenominal), says anthropologist Robert Sussman from majuscule University in St. Louis, Missouri.With a growing number of experts now arguing that the urge to wage war is not innate, and that humanity is already moving in a direction that could make war a thing of the past, this essay exit, based on further research done in the above stated fields, show against the inevitability of war based on the following grounds biologically, new research combined with cross-cultural findings and a deeper insight into the evolutionary development of human beings will show how the innateness of war is a myth socially, we will give a look at the development of a new society in the modern era that compels a change in social ideology that will inevitably lead to more peaceful times wherein war will not be inevitable. Anthropological and ethnic studies have shown that, long before the emergence of modern nation-states, human beings waged war in the tribal setting, basing these conclusions on archeological findings. Furthermore, observance of the behavior of our closest evolutionary cousins, the chimpanzees, has encouraged the perception that just the way chimpanzee troops tend to wage war on other chimpanzees sometimes even beating them to death similarly, we too are biologically programmed and naturally hardwired for aggression. In Are Humans Hardwired to Behave Aggressively? Margie Wylie says that a new and upcoming field of genealogy suggests that the Y-Chromosome in human beings causes us to be, at least in part, hardwired for aggression and troublesome behavior. The question is posed to whatever logical mind can we allow ourselves to conveniently use this as an excuse for war and crime? No. We can not. Yales Human relations Area Files (Ember), a database of around 360 cultures around the world from the past and present, shows that nearly nine-tenths of these cultures have engaged in warfare. However, the frequency, intensity, and time spans of these wars varies vastly from one culture to the next. in that location is variation in the frequency of warfare when you look around the world at any given time, says Melvin Ember. That suggests to me that we are not dealing with genes or a biological propensity. Even if we do consider the biological propensity and the arguments based on genetic findings, further studies with regards to these have painted a clearer picture that war is not, in fact, inevitable. Harvard anthropologist, Richard Wrangham, argues that humans have made evolutionary steps towards being less aggressive. In comparison to our ancestors, our brains are ten percent smaller than they utilize to be, following a trend similar to the Bonbonos domesticated animals, bred for docility. Our ability to live in big cities without attacking each other all the time shows that we are learning to control our violent behavior, at least inside groups (Wylie, 2003). This coming from a propagator of the school of thought that believes in the innate tendency for war, it shows that in current times we can safely say that war is not inevitable.The Us versus Them syndrome that has plagued the human mind, thus naturally developing a propensity to wage war, is not quite as strong anymore. Bigger groups, with stronger and more complex bonds for internal cohesion have proven to be victors of war throughout history. They tend to become more inclusive, history is proof of that. The population explosion, increasingly obvious environmental challenges, and the threat of nuclear war leading to mutual annihilation are all modern world indicators of the inevitability of war, however, like our ancestors ten th ousand years ago, we are being forced by the results of our own actions and successes to mutate into a new kind of society based on a new organizing principle.The implications of globalization, the internet, the new concept of universal human rights, the political incorrectness of ethnic humor, the harvesting of transnational economic institutions and regional political ones, new thinking about gender relations it all is part of a massive change in the way people live and think. It is only inevitable now that a new progression based on competition between ideas schools of thoughts and philosophies will take over and will not need to enter armed conflict. (Coon, 2000) To conclude, we can easily say that given the biological developments concerning evolution, combined with changes in the psychological knowledge domain and in socio-cultural norms, war is not inevitable.The inevitability of war, in fact, was overestimated even before, as findings in this essay prove. The future progre ssion of humankind may be obtuse and difficult, as it has always been, for change is not something engineered in design and geared in direction. But the future holds that war is not inevitable. Works Cited Coon, C. (2000). Is War Inevitable. Retrieved from state-of-the-art Humanism A New Approach to the Humanist Philosophy http//www. progressivehumanism. com/war. html Ember, C. a. (n. d. ). Human Relations Area Files. Retrieved from Yale University http//www. yale. edu/hraf Wylie, M. (2003). Are Humans Hard-Wired to Behave Aggressively? Toronto sense experience (Canada) .

Guinness coursework

Tipping point has been the just about talked about advert of recent times, partly to do with the amount of money spent on it but mostly ascribable to the amount of props and egresss apply. In this re opinion I will analyse various aspects of the ad including camera work, colour, setting, props and actors.One of the many shots used is the close up which emphasises accepted aspects of the ad. The close up is used at the start to show the mans hand just before he pushes over the dominoes, this emphasises the enormousness of that particular action and it undoubtedly draws the viewers attention to it.Another close up is in addition used later on in the ad to highlight certain expressions on masss faces & this changes the mood and the momentum of the ad. Alongside the close ups, the long shot has also been utilised in order to provide a panoramic view & also gives the exact position of the object or character in relation to the surroundings. The two shots mentioned above military forceively communicate the mood and body phraseology of the characters thereby igniting the interest of the viewers whilst making them much inquisitive.As far as the colour is concerned the ad is given a time effect where the hues of the objects & buildings appear faded and worn out & makes the interview trace the point of intersection advertised to its origin. It also conveys that the intersection has a long lasting relationship with the audience & has been a part & parcel of their daily lives.Colours affect our moods and help us visualise the situation. Using right colours and tones leaves a lasting effect on viewers mind which eventually results in them contemplating the purchase. The colours used are also quite dull which wouldnt normally be associated with modern life so showing that the product has a history of serving the audience i.e. in the olden days.Setting is very crucial to the character of the product. It helps viewers identify themselves with the product and creat es a sense of belonging and pride in being associated with the product. The setting waits to be in an old foreign village which might indicate that the product has reached out to people in other parts of the world and this may portray the product as being nearly known so people might want to try it. The setting may also invoke a sense of belonging as the village and its people are seem to be of a certain mould who are linked to the product, the audience may be drawn towards the product because of this.The props which go for been chosen also play an important role in making the ad a success. They have been particularly chosen because they represent the characters lifestyles which seem to very ordinary and primary i.e. plain cardboard boxes have been used which indicates the simplicity of the village.However despite this simplicity the product seems to be an integral part of their lifestyle and I belief the props have been selected to contrast with the big glass of Guinness at th e end which is far from simple in terms of size and colour. Apart from these points, the undoubtedly most significant factor is the domino effect which the ad itself revolves around. The domino effect provides the excitement in the ad and its perfect synchronisation intrigues the viewer as well as making the ad memorable, therefore embedding an image of the product in the viewers minds.Another aspect of the advert is the actors whose reactions and expressions provide the excitement and a sense of fun. The actors more or less react to the events in a similar federal agency however they are all doing their own thing whether it is working in bakehouse or looking after the livestock. The idea behind this is to show that no matter what type of person or profession Guinness is something all the locals have in common they all cheer together when the domino effect is happening and also rejoice in sync as the glass of Guinness is filled.As well as the setting, the actors also contribute to a sense of belonging which attracts the viewer and makes them try the product. Also, the characters have been portrayed in such a way which makes them seem as they to some extent worship the product which may represent the love for Guinness buyers have around the world.Having reviewed and analysed the different features of the ad I look at that the its success has been largely due to the domino effect shown in the ad this has made the ad memorable and eye-catching. However, other factors like colour and setting have also made the ad a wonder. I am confident that applying these features to our adverts will surely increase the popularity of our product amongst the public.

Essay for Toyota’Human Resource Management

List of abbreviation There be some common words which often appear in this name will use the abbreviation to reduce the repeating of words through the cross. Toyota Motor CompanyTMC Human re acknowledgment managementHRM Human Resource HR conglomeration forest Management TQM Toyota Management Principles TMP Financial Year FY Research and Development R&DThe United States U. S Abstract Toyota Motor Company is the oneness of worlds leading self-propelling companies and is a ball-shaped benchmark for quality and continuous improvement. However, in recent historic period, they faced a think back crisis unlike any they had seen before. Mr. Akio Toyoda, Toyotas president and grandson of the fo low, was called to testify before the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform ab by the companys response to the recall (Greto et al, 2010).Many researchers analysed Toyota problems and pointed out several causes for this patch such as Toyota proceeds du sts problem, quality management, and homosexual preference management and so on. This report will focus on human option management problems in this case, based on information from media and theories of human resource management such as human resource strategy, employee development and career management, mental process development, and compensation and etc the report will then give not only a conclusion further as well as tri andes with regard to Toyotas situation. I.Introduction I. Toyotas overview Kiichiro Toyoda founded Toyota Motor Corporation in 1937 as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to piss automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries. The Type A engine was created in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino Motors, along with several non-automotive companies. The numbers of employees worldunsu btle including consolidated and non-consolidated are 386. 841 in 31 contact 2011.The company produced more than 7. 000. 000 vehicles per year both inside and outside Japan from 2009. As of the end of March 2011, Toyota businesses worldwide consist of 50 overseas manufacturing companies in 26 countries and regions. Toyotas vehicles are sold in more than 170 countries and regions (Toyota Annual Report, 2009) Katsuaki Watanabe, President of Toyota, had famous words We are doing the same thing we always did we are consistent. Theres no genius in our company. We just do whatever we study is right, nerve-racking every day to improve every trivial bit and piece.But when 70 years of very small improvements accumulate, they become a revolution There are some business results, business and sales results in consolidated basis market Table 1 Business results (2009_2011) FY 2009 (April 2008 to March 2009) FY 2010 (April 2009 to March 2010) FY 2011 (April 2010 to March 2011) Sales*1 20,529 . 5 18,950. 9 18,993. 6 direct income*1 -461 147. 5 468. 2 Net income*1 -436. 9 209. 4 408. 1 Capital Expenditures*1*2 1302. 5 579. 0 642. 3 RD*1 904. 0 725. 3 730. 3 Number of consolidated subsidiaries 529 522 511 No. of Affil.Accounted for Under the Equity Method 56 56 56 (unit = 1 billion yen or 1 company) *1 Monetary figures rounded down to the nearest 100 million yen *2 Figures for depreciation expenses and detonator expenditures do not entangle vehicles in operating lease * Table 2 Production results FY 2009 (April 2008 to March 2009) FY 2010 (April 2009 to March 2010) FY 2011 (April 2010 to March 2011) Vehicles Japan 4,255,000 3,956,000 3,721,000 Overseas 2,796,000 2,853,000 3,448,000 Total 7,051,000 6,809,000 7,169,000 * Table 3 Sales results FY 2009 (April 2008 to March 2009) FY 2010 April 2009 to March 2010) FY 2011 (April 2010 to March 2011) Vehicles Japan 1,945,000 2,163,000 1,913,000 Overseas 5,622,000 5,074,000 5,395,000 Total 7,567,000 7,237,000 7,308,000 H omes 5,442 5,281 5,157 ( root word http//www. toyota- computer programetary. com/company/profile/overview/) II. Toyotas problems in recent years In late 2009, Toyota became the subject of media and U. S. government scrutiny after multiple deaths and injuries were attributed to accidents resulting from the unintended and uncontrolled acceleration of its cars. According to Smith (2012), despite Toyotas voluntary recall of 4. million vehicles for floor mats that could jam the accelerator pedal and a later recall to increase the space between the gas pedal and the floor, the company insisted thither was no underlying defect and defended itself against media reports and regulatory statements that tell former(a)wise. As the crisis escalated, Toyota was further criticized for its unwillingness to share information from its data rec come ins about possible problems with electronic expire controls and sticky accelerator pedals, as well as braking problems with the ware establishment. Co le said that y the time Toyota Motor Company president Akio Toyoda apologized in his affidavit to the U. S. Congress, Toyotas logical argument price had declined, in just over a month, by 20 per centum-a $35 billion loss of market value (2011, p3) Furthermore, Toyota in Australia revealed that it was halving production at its Altona give in Melbourne, citing components shortages resulting from Japans earthquake and tsunami. The company announced that for the next ii months, its 3,000 Australian workers would receive only 75 percent of their wages, operating on half shifts, and that it would review its production schedules in June of 2011 (Marshall, 2011)II. Methodology The methodology used to make this report is data collection and analysis from two sources including sources of Toyotas issue from the Internet, Toyota Motor Corporations Website, magazines, journal articles and academic materials such as books, lectures and etc. After collecting, those data have analysing about Toyotas issues. Besides, the data collects the commentary from authors and experts about issues of Toyota and its HRM in order to observe those issues in many sides of views, e pickyly in human resource views.The sources of case study also comes from magazines and news from quality source such as the New York Times, Human Resource Management Magazine, Harvard Business Publishing, Human Capital Online Magazine, and other HR magazines in order to guarantees the quality of the data. Finally, both HR theories and practice were compared in order to give recommendations and conclusions in this issue. III. Analysis about Human Resource Management of Toyota 1. Toyota human resource management views and practiceToyota is known for many world class products and quality initiatives that include the famous Toyota production system that later became popular as JIT (just-in-time inventory). Toyota maintains a high profile in its HRM policies and practices too (Smith, 2008). The global vision in human resource management in Toyota Motor Company (TMC) is create working environments for various employees to work proudly and with loyalty and confidence in fulfilling their potential, which realize their self- fruit (Akio, 2005).The company focus on relationship with their employees based on basic principles of human resource management including creating a workplace environment where employees flowerpot work with their trust in the company creating a mechanism for promoting constant quantity and voluntary initiatives in continuous improvements fully committed and thorough human resources development and promoting teamwork aimed at pursuit of individual roles and optimization of the entire team (Toyota s sustainability report, 1998).According to Ian Winfied, Professor of university of Derby in UK, said that human resource practices of Toyotas company green goddess serve as a model, particularly in manufacturing and production oriented brass sections. Toyotas HRM framework br oadly comprises of four destructions including four goal follow a) The goal of organizational integration The integration of employees at individual and embodied level with organization is seen as the primary goal of Toyota HRM strategy. This goal has been achieved through extensive use of teams that are subordinate to organizational goals.Welfare of employees also received wide attention as a part of this goal (Toyota global overview, 1998) b) The goal of commitment. In order to achieve this goal, a two-pronged strategy was followed. Firstly, Toyota preferred a semi-rural manpower for induction in their plants. They believe that multitude who are not contaminated by industrial culture and influences tend to retain with them a kind of feudal value of loyalty, which can be converted into organizational commitment.Secondly, measures such as suggestion schemes, quality circles and employee involvement methods are used to gain commitment. (Toyota global overview, 1998) c) The goal of flexibility and adaptability. Team authority in place of single individual holding all the powers has paved the way for realizing flexibility in the organization. These teams are task-based and can be dismantled or restructured, depending upon the situation. The adaptability trait is institutionalized through the approach of multi-skilling and job rotations. Toyota global overview, 1998) d) The goal of quality. Self, peer and teams surveillance techniques are used to turn back quality of products. Further, a series of measures employed, such as time and motion study, benchmarking, continuous process improvement and employee involvement contributed in the accomplishment of this goal (Toyota global overview, 1998) In addition, Toyota has recomposed the aforementioned four HRM goals into 17 specific practices.These 17 practices are classified into production practices and employment practices. The production practices are JIT, Kanban, Line stop, Level scheduling, perpetual flow and Processing. The employment practices are unremitting improvement, Single status facilities, Performance idea, Daily team briefings, Temporary shoves, Performance related pay, Company council, Cross provision and group decision-making (Toyota annual report, 1998) Moreover, Toyota seeks to develop human resources through the activity of making things.Honorary Advisor Eiji Toyoda said that . Because state make our automobiles, nothing gets started until we train and educate our people. As seen in these words, which were expressed by president of the company, Toyota believes that the development of human resources requires the handing down of values and perspectives. In conjunction with the geographic expansion of business and the growth of business areas, undertaking global actions for the development of human resources has become a priority issue.Toyota is building both tangible (a new learning facility) and intangible (course content) structures relating to team member developm ent that ensures a secure and steady flow of qualified human resources to conduct Toyotas global business in the 21st century (Toyota global overview, 2000) * Fully Committed and Thorough Human Resources Development Toyota conducts systematic company-wide and divisional preparedness and assignments for training use of goods and servicess with an emphasis on on-the-job training (OJT) to ensure that associates can fully utilize their abilities.Toyota has defined the required qualifications of professional staff1 for office and engineering positions, and T shaped human resources who are able to perform day-to-day activities and expand their skills in technical positions. Company-wide training is conducted based on employee qualifications, as well as specialized training for individual divisions, language training, and special knowledge and skill training (Toyotas sustainability Report, 2005)The basis for human resource development is putting the Toyota Way into practice. Toyota is wo rking to develop human resources by taking hold times of adversity as opportunities to learn, planning greater enhancement and reinforcement of educational programs based on the five Toyota Way keywords, and on-the-job training (OJT) internal to the progress and succession of building excellent products. (Source http//www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) Toyota Management Principles (TMP) Continuous Improvement * Challenge The company form a long-term vision, get together challenges with courage and creativity to realize our dreams * Kaizen Continuous Improvement They improve their business operations continuously, always driving for innovation and evolution. * Genchi Genbutsu Go and see for yourself They go to the source to find the facts to make correct decisions, build consensus, and achieve their goals. * The Toyota Production System (TPS) + Jidoka quality at the source + Kaizen continuous improvement Heijunka even flow + Kanban extend system + Just-in-Time min imal inventories + Work teams + Total Quality Management + Supplier Partnerships * Total Quality Management (TQM) Implementation of TQM has been promoted based on the philosophies of Customer First, Continuous Kaizen and Total Participation. In order to raise the awareness of TQM, several measures are taken to promote resolution, provide every employee working in Toyotas global organization with ideas for action to improve product and service quality, motivate people and revitalize the corporate structure. Source http//www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) * Employees Training Procedure The purpose of training is to make sure that employees have the right skills and capabilities to identify and handle all situations they may encounter. Toyota is famous for its four-step cycle plan/do/ crack/act. Company-Wide Training to mainstay principles of the Toyota Way support Professional Staff (Source http//www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) Outline of Training Programs (Source http//www. oyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) * Rewards and recognition The purpose of any corporate riposte process is to encourage and promote the right behaviours and to discourage the negative ones. Its important for the reward process to involve the gathering of information about problems. Its equally important to reward employees who are successful in getting executives to take immediate action on negative information (Toyota annual report, 2000) ( Source http//www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) 2.Toyotas human resource management problems In the late of 2009, by the first of a series of highly publicized recalls of Toyota vehicles in the United States, Cole (2011) cited Toyota announced that it was recalling 3. 8 million U. S. vehicles as potential problem in which poorly placed or incorrect floor mats under the drivers seat could lead to uncontrolled acceleration in a range of models. For manufacturing executives who have strived for decades to emulate Toyota, the mere suggestion that it had not only quality issues but also was a serious matter.Furthermore, Toyota said that it will close its New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated (NUMMI) plant in Fremont, California. NUMMI, opened in 1984 as a joint venture by Toyota and General Motors, currently employs about 5,400 workers all over the world (Kearney, 2009). Similarly, Byrne and OConnor (2011) showed that Toyota Australia has threatened to end its manufacturing of cars in Australia, after workers went on strike against the companys wage-cutting drive.Strikes were held on September 2, and September 15 and 16 in 2011, involving more than 3,000 workers at Toyotas main plant at Altona, in Melbournes west, and hundreds more workers at its parts centres in Melbourne and Sydney. The Altona plant produces around 560 cars per day, with 70 percent of them exported, mainly to the Middle East. Toyota is demanding that workers accept a new enterprise agreement that entrenches real wage cuts over the next three years, with nominal wage increases of 1-2 percent now, 2. percent in April 2012, 3 percent in 2013 and 3. 5 percent in 2014. The official annual cost of living is currently 4. 5 percent (Petter, 2011) Moreover, Business WeekMagazine pointed out that employee errors were the root cause of Toyota issues and estimated that Toyota is losing $155 million per week as a result of their recent recall. Toyota had lost nearly $30 billion in stock valuation. The long-term impacts of the root causes that led to Toyotas current situation could cost the company hundreds of billions of dollars.In addition, poor handling of the issue in the public eye has disgraced the automakers brand reputation and caused sales to decline to their lowest point in more than a decade (Hunter, 2010) Furthermore, According to Dr John Sullivan, who is a well-known thought leader in human resource a and professor of management at San Francisco State University, with case study How Human resource caused Toyota crash said that Toyotas current predicament is a result of poorly designed practices and weak murder on the part of the human resource department (2010).This opinion was supported and confirmed by Hunter (2010) Toyotas current predicament is a result of poorly designed practices and weak execution on the part of the human resource department. IV. Discussions Although, Toyota is famous with the production system but when they apply this system in global, it is not mean that this system can work effectively in the same way (Sullivan, 2010).For instance, Toyota concentrates exclusively on the hard administration of a production system that produced vehicles to the customers order in Japan instead of the wolframern method of producing as many cars as possible as fast as possible, then trying to sell those cars to the customer (Smith et al, 2011).For instance, in response to the growth, Toyota had to delegate more design work to outside contract e ngineers with more than 1000 new engineers around the humanity and take one new suppliers because the internal engineering resources and existing suppliers base could not keep up with the demands (Cole, 2011) It is obviously that the most important in Toyota problems is that the Toyota philosophy is so radical and requires such a change of management strategy that the change in the production process itself overshadows some even more central conflicts between the drivers of performance in the Orient and in the West.For this reason when Toyota went into production in the West the emphasis was on the detail of the process, not on the people who carried out that process. According to Bob Nelson, the author of Keeping Up In A Down Economy told that The average number of suggestions given by an American worker to improve the performance of Toyota company is 1. 1 per year. The same figure for a Japanese worker is 167 suggestions per year.This seems to indicate that there is a signific ant difference between the way that the Japanese worker feels about what he does and the way that the North American workers feel about what they do. In addition, when the new Toyota plants in the West or other countries were built they slavishly tried to copy the detail of the Toyota production system without understanding the difference between the ways that the workers in the East, compared to the West, matt-up about what they did.Today that difference is called engagement (Hunter, 2010). Employers in the West are becoming aware of the huge value that is realised when a workforce is busy but, other than running surveys to find out how engaged, or not, their workforce is, very few understand that it is possible to create engagement in an otherwise unengaged workforce, and less know how to do it.The cars that Toyota recalled were all built in the West. Is it possible that the faults that caused the recalls did not occur in vehicles produced in the East because they were spotted a nd rectified by an engaged workforce, while in the West the disengaged workforce knew of the problems but never reported them to Toyota because Western managers do not know how to engage their workforces (Cole, 2011).According Sullivan (2010), in any situation where employees fail to perform as expected, investigators mustiness determine if the human error could have been caused by factors beyond the employees control. Such away factors might include actions by senior management, lack of adequate information or job training, faulty inputs to the process, or rewards those intent actions not in line with documented goals.Therefore, if managers believe in accountability, they have to accept that human errors that lead to corporate catastrophes could be the result of faulty HR processes, most notably those related to acquiring, developing, motivating, and managing labour (Hunter, 2010) Furthermore, the mechanically skillful failures were known to Toyota leaders long before corrective action was taken, and many close to the issue are indicating that the company took decisive action to hide the facts and wind the scope of the problem (Greto et el, 2010). When the organization disproportionately rewarded managers for ost-containment versus sustaining product quality, it created the incentive for everyone involved to ignore the facts and to deny that a problem existed. Employees who are well-trained and subject to balanced rewards and performance monitoring systems would not have allowed the situation to grow as it did. If the root cause of the problems Toyota is facing are failure by employees to make good decisions, stop negative news, and make a convincing business case for immediate action, then the HR processes that may have influenced those decisions must be examined.The HR processes that must at least be considered as suspect include rewards processes, training processes, performance management processes, and the hiring process (Sullivan, 2011) V. Recommend ations Toyota traditionally has ranked best in its relationship compared with other automakers. However, its ranking has fallen steadily from 2007 through 2010. The roof of Toyotas recent quality problems, any thorough analysis would also take aim to accommodate the role of the companys centralized management structure (Cole, 2011).From previous parts of this report, there are some recommendations for this issue. The first recommendation is that Toyota should focus on training employees system because the purpose of training is to make sure that employees have the right skills and capabilities to identify and handle all situations they may encounter. Toyota is famous for its four-step cycle plan/do/check/act, but with Toyota plants clearly the training among managers now needs to focus more on new engineers and general staffs.In addition, in an environment where rubber is paramount, everyone should have been trained on the symptoms of groupthink and how to avoid the excess disco unting or ignoring of negative external safety information (Cole, 2011). The Toyota managers should encourage employees to detect errors and propose solutions. The second recommendation is recruiting process. According to Kramar et al (2011), the purpose of great hiring is to bring on board top-performing individuals with the high level of skills and capabilities that are required to handle the most complex problems.Poorly designed recruiting andassessmentelements can result in the hiring of individuals who sweep problems under the rug and who are not willing to stand up to management. Therefore, Toyota should do not for the purpose of rapid development that ignores the evaluation stage of the recruitment processes otherwise Toyota should maintain the hiring procedures which ensure quality for human resource management.The company can adopt external or internal recruitment in order to looking for high quality employees (Robin et al, 2011) Another recommendation is performance manage ment process. According to Sullivan (2010), the purpose of a performance management process is to periodically monitor or appraise performance, in order to identify problem behaviours before they get out of hand. Hence, The Toyota should check and ensure that the performance measurement system included performance factors to measure responsiveness to negative information.Furthermore, the Toyotas Human Resource Department also need check or audit the performance appraisal , Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) systems, performance feedback, and performance monitoring process effectively in order to help employees identify, report and alerts errors to warn senior managers before minor problems got out of control (Krmar et al , 2011, p 475). For example, the company should base on performance appraisal to make administrative decisions such as salary administration (pay rises or bonuses), promotion, retention and termination, retrenchment and recognition of an individuals performan ce.Finally yet importantly, the recommendation is psychological contract. According to Rousseau (1989), the psychological contract is defined as an individuals beliefs about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that person and another party. In other word, a psychological contract emerges when one party believes that a promise of future return has been made, a contribution has been given and thus, an obligation has been created to provide future benefits.Many researchers illustrated that psychological contract has a huge impact to the performance of employees. As the results, Toyota should consider and ensure the conditions of wages, bonuses, compensation, and welfare as well as avoid violating the psychological contract with employees to create healthy environment workplace. Thus, the company can motivate their staffs make contributions to the success of the company. VI. Conclusion Human resource management refer to the policies, practices, and system s that influence employees behaviour, attitudes and performance.Krmar et al, 2011 said that Human resource impacting the bottom line and customers satisfaction, diversity management, and the health and well- being of employees. Therefore, human resource managements is not only about the achievement organizations goals but also employees health and well being. It is important for any budding manager to remember that a happy employee is often a productive employee. Furthermore, according to Sullivan (2010), Toyotas problems are not the result of a single individual making an isolated mistake, but rather due to a companywide series of mistakes that are all related to each other.So many corporate functions were involved, including human resource management, customer service, government relations, vendor management and public relationship, that one cannot help but attribute the crash of Toyota to systemic management failure. As discussed above, employee errors in recruitment, selection, performance management, compensation and benefits, international human resource management and so on were the root cause of several mechanical and financial failures in Toyota automobiles (Cole, 2011).Therefore, to restore credibility, quality and brand, Toyota should not only focus on overcoming the technical problems but also need to review, correct remedy all the processes related to the creation of products that the most important factors is human resources management. To sum up, the key lesson is that others should learn from Toyotas mistakes is that HRM system needs to periodically test or audit each of the processes with considering all factors and fix problems as soon as possible otherwise it could allow this oddball of billion-dollar error to occur.References lists 1/ The sources of Toyota issues Byrne, P & OConnor, P 2011, Toyota Australia executives threaten shutdown after strike, Word Socialist Web Site, http//www. wsws. org/articles/2011/sep2011/toyo-s20. shtml. Cole, R E, 2011, What really happend to Toyota, 01 June, http//hbr. org/product/what-really-happened-to-toyota/an/SMR395-PDF-ENG. Hunter, P 2010, Root cause of Toyota failure Emplyee Engagement, Human

Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated

In my setting policies and procedures atomic function 18 developed and communicated on an ongoing basis. Various teachers are responsible for individual policies ground on their experience, training and knowledge. Each individual policy is available in the school office for refer via hard paper copy or electronically.If an issue arises that needs discussion which is not addressed by the schools policies, a meeting give be scheduled were all interested parties will attend. At this meeting each attendee contributes ideas and initially a draft policy will hopefully be agreed. This draft policy will then be hand overed by the head teacher to the advance of governors for their approval. If it is approved and falls within the domain of the national curriculum the new policy will start out to be trained out to all the relevant staff and perhaps even parents and children.At my setting policies are monitored on an ongoing basis and are updated where necessary. Sometimes the local educ ation authority may acquire a new policy to be introduced to the school. Again all existing staff may need training to ensure the new policy is communicated and implemented satisfactorily which may involve communication with others such(prenominal) as children, parents or other professional bodies. In my setting policies are communicated in a number ways.It can be written, for example classroom rules may be displayed on a poster and hung in a high profile area of the room. It can be verbal, for example the principal may present at the school assembly a topic of concern and what the school policy is for this concern. Letters and e mail, for example these can be posted to parents informing them of any new or change to present-day(prenominal) policy. This is often used when a written signed confirmation note is required back from the parents.To refrain the best way to inform all of school policy would be a bingle to one meeting between the head teacher and the relevant people. Unf ortunately this would be highly impractical cod to the additional workload required and the time factor involved. Where the head teacher feels it would be of benefit to do a mass presentation to parents this is highly appropriate on a couple of occasions throughout the school year to gain parents attention but is important not to overdo it.

Jane Eyre †Through A Critical Lens Essay

Historical research has always been an issue of running play and error. Through analyzing novels such as Jane Eyre, historicists can perk up about that part of our past by expression at the prevalent themes in the novels, such as social and gender in fitities. By analyzing the historical linguistic context of Charlotte Bronts novel, Jane Eyre, as well as the readers present-day biases, Janes story of love and personal ontogenesis transforms into a revolutionary cry against religion, gender and social inequalities.The eon when novels are released is an extremely important piece of information that both new historicist has to look at. Jane Eyre was produce in London, England in 1847. When it was published in 1847, Jane Eyre was a bestseller. Many critics believed that the novel was well written however they were curious amongst them regarding the motive. The book was originally printed with Currer Bell as the editor and no other information was disclosed concerning the author . The gender of the author was debated for a while until it was released that the author was a woman. Soon, the reviews of the novel became increasingly negative because the public could not believe that a woman could nourish written such a passionate novel and seemed so knowing sexually (Brooklyn CUNY Jane Eyre). I plant two reviews of Jane Eyre, unmatched from 1847 and one from 1848.The reviewer for the Atlas in 1847 claimedThis is not merely a impart of nifty promise it is one of absolute performance. It is one of the intimately powerful domestic romances which brace been published for many a(prenominal) years. It has little or nothing of the old conventional stamp upon it notwithstanding it is full of vernal vigour, of freshness and originality, of nervous diction and concentrated interest. The incidents are sometimes melo-dramatic, and, it might be added, improbable still these incidents, though striking, are subordinate to the main purpose of the piece, which is a tale of passion, not of intensity which is most sublime. It is a book to make the pulses gallop and the heart beat, and to fill the eyes with tears. (Brooklyn CUNY Jane Eyre)The reviewer for the Rambler in 1848 claimedJane Eyre is, indeed, one of the coarsest books which we ever perused. It is not that the professed senti handsts of the writer are absolutely wrong or forbidding, or that the odd associate of religious notions which she puts forth are much worse than is usual in popular tales. It is rather that in that respect is a tendency to relapse into that class of ideas, expressions, and circumstances, which is most connected with the grosser and more animal portion of our character and that the detestable morality of the most prominent character in the story is accompanied with e very(prenominal) categorisation of palliation short of unblushing justification (Brooklyn CUNY Jane Eyre)One can see that the views completely changed as time passed. In 1847, people gave good revie ws and supported the novel because they thought it was a good novel with great themes which showed the knowledge base for what it was. But in 1848, after the public was told that the author was the female, they greatly criticized Bront for her revolutionary thoughts. This shows us that the world was extremely prejudiced back in the mid 19th century, as the wo workforce were not treated as fairly as men.Religion plays quite an important role for Jane as it shapes her and makes her do things that she might not like but, regardless, has to end up doing to keep her faith. Jane is first introduced to Mr. Brocklehursts strange view of Christianity which involves extreme hand and hypocrisy. She is then exposed to Helens more optimistic view of Christianity in which her faith relies on divinity fudges goodness and the power of love. When Jane is a woman, she meets St. John and sees that his faith is a mixture of Mr. Brocklehursts and Helens, as his beliefs revolve around sacrifice and de dication towards Gods will.As stated above, Jane is shaped by religion as she is forced to leave Mr. Rochester because she knew that for her to marry him, he would have to divorce Bertha, which was against their religion in that time. She is forced to leave him for her own good because she knows that her love cannot break the bonds of religion that hold her down. By sounding at the theme of religion that is prevalent in this novel, one can find out many things about that society by reading a book which was written in that time. Hence, we can register that back then divorcing other people was a sin as it was not accepted by the church and was convicted by the greater mass of the mid to late 19th century.Much of Janes puerility emphasizes her status as a member of the lower class in society. When she takes a deeper look at her relationship with Mr. Rochester, she realizes that its more of a server vs. master relationship. Rochester tells Jane the truth that they cannot be together but he doesnt care and he flaunts the social norms when he states, Come, we will sit there in peace to-night, though we should never more be destined to sit there together. (Bront 23). Jane retorts back, And if God had intelligent me with some ravisher and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave youand we stood at Gods feet, equal-as we are with fiery emotions that show her beliefs that some beauty and, but mainly, much wealth has kept them apart even though they are equals (Bront 23).When speaking of world bejeweled by Mr. Rochester, Jane responds, And then you wont know me, sir and I shall not be your Jane Eyre any longer, but an ape in a harlequins jacket, a jay in borrowed plumes (Bront 24). Jane shows her reluctance to relinquish her identity, and make up ones mind for nothing else than Rochesters marriage to Jane Eyre, not some ornamented prize or object. Later on, when Jane decides to marry him, she makes it very clear that she wants to marry his equal in personality not fortune. Jane reveals her true revolutionary side when she decides to that marry Mr. Rochester if he marries the Jane Eyre that he knows rather than the Jane Eyre that he will create. Therefore, we see that Jane tries her best to show that she is equal to Rochester even though they are not, socially.throughout the novel, Jane has a quest to become an independent woman. In well-nigh any relationship, she is always the one being controlled. Jane shows her thoughts on women being put down by men when she says, Women are supposed to be very calm generally but women feel just as men feel they lease exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers doIt is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than get up h as pronounced necessary for their sex. (Bront, 93). Here, Jane proves that she thinks women should be equal to men because they do the same amount of work that men do and it is wrong for men to look at women in a negative way.She proves her point at the end of the novel, when she goes back to Rochester but the roles are reversed as he is the one in need of dire help rather than vice versa. Earlier on in the novel, Jane writes Not that I humble myself by a slavish notion of inferiority on the contrary, I just said You have nothing to do with the master of Thornfield further than to receive the salary he gives you for teaching his protge, wake her refusal to be subjugated, after she had just noted how she missed Mr. Rochesters presence (Bront, 317).This, subliminally, shows that she needs Mr. Rochester in her life-time for her to succeed. Even though Bront believes that she doesnt need a man in her life to succeed, she unwillingly accepts that she does because thats what society h as told her. At the end of the novel, Jane finally allows herself to take Rochester in her arms after they are both(prenominal) finally free of the issues that kept them apart. She tells Rochester, I love you better now, when I can really be useful to you, than I did in your state of proud independence, when you disdained every part but that of the giver and protector. (Bront 505).Throughout Jane Eyre, Jane is introduced to many problems and this helps us learn of the problems that were prevalent at that time. Varying from gender inequalities to social and economic inequality, we learn about mid 19th century England society and the rules that they abide by. By reading almost any novel through a new historicist lens, we can learn a lot about their society. whole caboodle CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre with Connections. Austin Holt, Rinehart, and Winston Harcourt Brace and Company, 1991.Melani, Lilia. Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre. Brooklyn CUNY. 29 March 2005. Brooklyn CUNY Departme nt of English. 8 Nov 2008 .

Inustrialized Food Production

Industrialized nutrient Production A Dangerous Path When visiting the grocery store, shoppers argon bombarded with pleasant photos of grangers in their fields. This idyllic agricultural elbow room of life may have existed in the past, just in a flash todays farms be much different. In our modern era, a renewing has taken fructify and solid food production has changed dramatically. The industrialized method of food production has cr eraseed a dangerous and unsustainable system. Choosing locally sourced foods is respectable to the planet, health, and local economies.The 100 mile diet has brought attention to this important subject and made people app spring upd of the impact of food choices. Humans began farming over 9000 years ago, and many technological advancements have occurred since that clock time (Mintz, Du Bois, 101). Most signifi crowd outtly in the modern era, the green revolution changed the way food was grown. The green revolution allowed for intensification of food resources, intended to alleviate world hunger (Bourlag). Lead by Norman Bourlag, hybrid variations of shuck were bred to produce higher yields and be two to three propagation much resistant to unhealthiness.Success was achieved, alone has created more issues. From 1950 to 1999 production on the same size acreage increased 170%, producing 1. 9 one million million million tonnes of grain (Bourlag). However, copious amounts of fertilizers neediness to be added to the soil to support this production this leads to more chemical run-off and pollution of water sources. A nonher major problem is that the hybrid seeds lead to development of genetically engineered seeds. These grains be secure by large-scale corporations, causing costs to rise and taking control away from grangers. The local farmer no longer has control over how they grow crops or run their farm.Large companies ilk Monsanto learn all the power. The genetically modified seeds that are needed for the high y ields are patented, and farmers are forced to procure new seeds each year (Food Inc. ). For centuries, farmers have been able to save seeds from their crops for planting the following year. With the introduction of patents, farmers now face massive lawsuits if they try to reuse seeds. Even though many farmers do non deficiency to use the modified seeds, it is nearly im likely because of cross contamination. Mark Anslow provides an example of one Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser.He found that sixty percent of his crop had been contaminated by Monsanto engineered seeds carried onto his land by the squirm (12). Even though Schmeiser did not plant or want the seeds, he still faced bullying and lawsuits from the giant biotechnology company (Anslow, 13). The power held by these agribusiness giants controls what farmers deal do. The control held by corporations is not limited to grains and seeds, it extends into poultry and livestock. The high demand for meat created by the multitudes of fast food restaurants has completely changed the way animals are raised.Factory farming techniques produce plump animals from small electron orbits. About 10 billion animals are raised and killed for food every year in the join States, many of these inhumanely (Humane eating The Humane Society of the United States. ). Laying hens are kept in cages so small they cannot horizontal move. In addition, animals have been bred for meat production, leading to chickens with breasts so heavy they can barely walk chickens often die from their own weight (_Food Inc_. ). Cattle are raised in small pens with no area to graze. Instead, they are fattened up with corn (Nierenberg, 22).These feedlots are seas of manure and disease. Farmers are pressured by that large companies they stock contracts with to have the latest technologies. This means taking on massive debt that forces farmers to continue producing for that company, even if they do not agree with the practices. For example, poul try producers working for Tyson, one of the largest companies, have been forced to upgrade chicken houses to be large sheds with no natural light, with thousands of chickens packed inside (_Food Inc_. ). As with grain producers, livestock producers are caught in a debt cycle by powerful corporations.Major health issues are caused by industrialized food production. The keep mum quarters and filthy conditions where the animals are raised are perfect conditions for the spread of disease. Animals raised intensively amount at slaughterhouses covered in feces, which raises the risk of contamination during the processing (Nierenberg, 22). As well, a variety of antibiotics are used to as feed additives to prevent disease and encourage growth in livestock and poultry, which are then ingested by humans, increasing antibiotic resistance worldwide (Sayre, 78).The crowded, stressful conditions of intensive farming, combined with ammonium hydroxide released from waste and lack of sunlight faci litate the spread of disease among animals and to humans. As well, the manure from these animals is contaminated with the antibiotics if a manure lagoon bursts or seeps into the water supply, anyone using the water to drink or bathe can be infected (Sayre, 77). One way to reduce these issues is to eat less meat, reducing demand and the need for intensive factory farm operations (Pollan, 33). Another solution is to choose locally raised meat.This allows consumers to rent to know the farmers and practices used to raise the livestock. In addition, it is more likely that the meat has been processed in a smaller slaughterhouse, reducing chances for cross contamination from many sources. Local food increases the amount of information available to consumers and provides food security. Factory farming not only harms the animals and the farmers, it has huge environmental impacts. The production of livestock and dairy actually contributes more greenhouse gases to the environment than vehicl es (From Field To Feedlot To Fork. ).Globally, 18% of greenhouse gas emissions are created from feedlot to dinner party table. Animal production creates emissions at every stage. Fossil fuel is required to run equipment, grow crops, trance animals, and accord products. The production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides alone require the equivalent use of over 123 million pose of oil (From Field To Feedlot To Fork. ). Factory farming centralizes production areas, meaning that in order to slaughter and distribute the meat, long distance transportation is required. Aside from the fossil fuel use, greenhouse gases are created by the animals themselves. range animals, like cattle, release methane. While this is natural, the huge amounts of livestock being produced are massive contributors to global warming. As well, the manure produced by these animals exceeds amounts that can be used as fertilizer for fields. The excess amounts are stored in ponds and lagoons, where more gases ar e released as it decomposes (Nierenberg, 23). By choosing to eat local, consumers negate the creation of much of the pollution. The most manifest reduction is in transportation emissions. On average, a meal travels 2414 km from farm to table.This is over a 25% increase from 1980 (Roosevelt, 78). Shopping at a local farmers market or farm take over reduces the distance considerably. A study in Iowa found that a regional diet consumed 17 times less oil and gas than a typical diet based on food shipped across the country and around the world (Smith, Mackinnon, 65). Another way local eating reduces environmental impacts is though more sustainable practices. Local farms are usually operated on a smaller scale livestock can graze on grass, and the manure produced fertilizers the field. Another benefit of small farms if the diversity they provide.Agribusiness operations rivet on monoculture. One crop is grown over hundreds or thousands of hectares. A small farm features more diversity, attracting and providing habitat for a range of wildlife (Pollan, 62). As well, smaller farms require far less chemical additives like pesticides and fertilizer, both produced with fossil fuels. Recently, the 100 mile diet has brought attention to choices consumers can make and why local choices are important. A couple in Vancouver undertook a year long challenge to only eat food that was grown or produced within a one hundred mile radius of their star sign (Smith, Mackinnon).At first, this seems like an overwhelming task, but is actually achievable. Some luxury items, like coffee and chocolate, must be given up, but most essential items are available. While it may not be possible for everyone to follow the 100 mile diet completely, choosing local products as often as possible has many benefits. As well as reducing transportation costs and emissions as mentioned earlier, purchasing food from local farmers helps the local economy. The income stays in your local area instead of bei ng absorbed by a multinational corporation.A British study found that money spent at a local farmers market had twice the economic value for the area than money spent at a supermarket chain (Smith, Mackinnon, 112). The reduced transportation time also has health benefits. Produce is not picked until it is ripe, and often interchange the same day, so the nutrients are not degraded when it reaches the dinner table. Food production has undergone many changes since the rise of agriculture thousands of years ago. The rise of factory farming practices has brought many negative changes to food.Rates of pollution and disease have risen dramatically, and conditions for animals and farmers are very poor. The recent popularity of the 100 mile diet has brought raised commonplace awareness about food choices. By choosing locally produced food consumers get a more wholesome product, reduce environmental impacts, and support local economies. Works Cited Anslow, Mark. Farmer warns GM will destro y total industry. The Ecologist 38. 10 (2009) 12-13. General Science Index. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. Bourlag, Norman. Biotechnology and the Green Revolution (ActionBioscience). ActionBioscience promoting bioscience literacy. Nov. 2002. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. http//www. actionbioscience. org/biotech/borlaug. html. Food Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Alliance, 2009. DVD. From Field To Feedlot To Fork. Cool Foods Campaign. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 2009. http//coolfoodscampaign. org/your-tools/global-warming-and-your-food/from-field-to-feedlot-to-fork/. Humane Eating The Humane Society of the United States. The Humane Society of the United States. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 2009. http//www. humanesociety. org/issues/eating/. Mintz, Sidney W. , and Christine M. Du Bois. The Anthropology of Food and Eating. Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002) 99-119. Print. Nierenberg, Danielle. The Commercialization of Farming Producing Meat for a empty World. USA Today (Periodical) 132 (2004) 22-4. Readers Guide Abstrac ts. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food. New York Penguin Paperbacks, 2009. Print. Roosevelt, Margot The Lure of the 100-Mile Diet. Time 167. 24 (2006) 78. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. Sayre, Laura. The Hidden Link Between Factory Farms and Human Illness. The Mother country News Feb. /Mar. 2009 76-83. Readers Guide Abstracts. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Smith, Alisa, and J. B. Mackinnon. The 100-Mile Diet A Year of Local Eating. New York Vintage Canada, 2007. Print.